"Lent is near": why we need the Gesima Sundays

In TEC BCP 1979 and Canada's Book of Alternative Services (1985) the Sundays after Epiphany stretch on until the Sunday before Lent. Following after the liturgical reforms the Roman communion, the Gesima Sundays were suppressed. After all, if Lent itself is a season of preparation for Easter, how is it possible to have a time of preparation for a season of preparation? The Gesima Sundays were an untidy medieval accretion, to be dispensed with as the liturgical year was returned to a more pristine form.

With the publication of the CofE's Common Worship, however, a change could be detected, a change also seen in the CofI BCP 2004. 'Sundays before Lent' appeared, beginning on the Sunday after Candlemas. This was a partial recognition of the wisdom of the Gesima Sundays.

The collects of the Fourth and Fifth Sundays before Lent have themes that can be identified with Lent - "the fraility of our nature", "the unruly wills and passions of sinful humanity". On the Second Sunday before Lent, the collect and readings recall creation, echoing the traditional link between the Gesima Sundays and Genesis. The Sunday before Lent is given over to celebration of the Transfiguration, which has an obvious sense of preparation for Lent, seen in the collect's petition "that we may be strengthened to suffer with him".

The emergence of 'Sundays before Lent' is witness to the folly of suppressing the Gesima Sundays. A time of transition is needed, between the Sundays after the Epiphany and the Lenten season. We need time to prepare ourselves for the fasting and discipline of Lent. Indeed, without a time of preparation, there is an implication that Lenten fasting and discipline is not a particularly serious matter, that it is a matter which does not require from us preparation.

What the 'Sunday before Lent' lack, however, is the coherence of the Gesima Sundays. There is considerable incoherence in jumping from creation on the Second Sunday before Lent, to Transfiguration on the Sunday before Lent, to the Lord's fasting in the wilderness on the First Sunday in Lent. Furthermore, there is no coherence to these Sundays year to year. In 2018 there were only two 'Sundays before Lent'. This year there are four. This instability does not assist in the catechetical and pastoral task of establishing the significance of preparation for Lent.

By contrast, the Gesima Sundays carefully and coherently orient us towards the Lenten fast.

This is seen in the Gesima collects. On Septuagesima we are reminded that we "are justly punished for our offences" and yet "mercifully delivered by thy goodness", a tension revealed in Lenten penance. On Sexagesima, even as we prepare for the disciplines of Lent, we confess "that we put not our trust in any thing that we do". On Quinquagesima, the collect petitions for that gift without which our Lenten disciplines will be fruitless - "all our doings without charity are nothing worth".

Similarly, the Gospels of the Gesima Sundays are a rich source of preparation for Lent. On Septuagesima we hear the call to enter into the labour of Lent: "Go ye also into the vineyard". On Sexagesima, we are urged to have hearts which are "good ground" to "bring forth fruit with patience" - a call echoed in the 1662 Commination for Ash Wednesday, "seeking to bring forth worthy fruits of penance". On Quinquagesima, we are told "Behold, we go up to Jerusalem", and we hear the account of the Lord giving sight to the blind, just as we seek the renewal of our interior sight through the discipline of Lent.

The wisdom and the coherence of the Gesima Sundays open us in heart and soul to the Forty Days of Lent. We need this time of orientation, of being prepared for penitential disciplines, the serious work of Lent. As John Betjeman, that great 20th century poet of the Anglican imagination, wrote:

The Gesimas – Septua, Sexa, Quinc
Mean Lent is near, which makes you think.

Why I support the ordination of women: a High Church reflection

A number of commenters on this blog have asked about my occasional expressions of support for the ordination of women to all three orders. With some hesitation, I have decided to post a summary of my own views on this matter. The hesitation is because I have sought on this blog to focus on issues and themes which can unify those who identify with or have respect (grudging or otherwise!) for what we might term 'classical' Anglicanism (the Anglicanism of the Formularies and - yes - of the Old High Church tradition). Some oppose the ordination of women (and I have friends and colleagues who do so, Anglo-Catholic, High Church, and Reformed Evangelical). Some of us support it (again, friends and colleagues covering a wide range of theological traditions). Below, I have organised my thinking around 5 points (needless to say, no reference to Dort is implied). 1. The Declaration for Subscription required of clergy in the Church of Ireland states: (6) I promise to submit ...

How the Old High tradition continued

Charles Gore's 1914 letter to the clergy of his diocese, ' The Basis of Anglican Fellowship ', can be regarded as a classical expression of the Prayer Book Catholic tradition. A key part of the letter - entitled 'Romanizing in the Church of England' - addressed the "Catholic movement", questioning beliefs and practices within it which tended to "a position which makes it very difficult for its extremer representatives to give an intelligible reason why they are not Roman Catholics". Gore provides the outlines of an alternative account and experience of catholicity within Anglicanism, defined by three characteristics. What is particularly interesting about these characteristics is their continuity with the older High Church tradition. Indeed, the central characteristic as set out by Gore was integral to High Church claims over centuries: To accept the Anglican position as valid, in any sense, is to appeal behind the Pope and the authority of t...

'Whether the Lutheran Churches have right Ordinations and perfect succession of Bishops': Jeremy Taylor, 'Episcopacy Asserted', and Lutheran orders

Amidst the bitter controversies over episcopacy in the Three Kingdoms during the early 1640s, controversies which had become war in Scotland in 1637 and then in England in 1642, Jeremy Taylor wrote his Laudian defence of episcopal order, The Sacred Order and Offices of Episcopacy Asserted and Maintained . He proposed in this work that the non-episcopal Reformed churches could have had episcopally-ordered clergy: Those good people might have had order from the bishops of England or the Lutheran churches, if at least they thought our churches catholic and Christian. Leaving aside the reality that, for example, French Protestants would have been placed in an invidious political position if they had done as Taylor proposed, it is the reference to "the Lutheran churches" which is significant. To begin with, a large portion of the Lutheran churches - those in the German lands - were governed by a system of superintendency. It is almost inconceivable that Taylor was not aware of th...

laudable Practice

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