Why we need Gesima-tide: because Lent is about concrete practices

The observation of these days and the weeks following appear to be as ancient as the times of Gregory the Great. The design of them is to call us back from our Christmas feasting and joy, in order to prepare ourselves for fasting and humiliation, in the approaching time of Lent; from thinking of the manner of Christ's coming into the world, to reflect upon the cause of it, our own sins and miseries; that so, being convinced of the reasonableness of punishing and mortifying ourselves for our sins, we may the more strictly and religiously apply ourselves to those duties when the proper time for them comes - Wheatly on Septuagesima, quoted in Mant's Notes.

Wheatly's description of Gesima-tide summarises the wisdom of setting aside these weeks before Lent in preparation for the time of fasting and penitence, so that "we may the more strictly and religiously apply ourselves to those duties when the proper time for them comes". If the discipline of Lent is to be taken seriously, a time of preparation is surely called for.

This is why the Eastern Church has five pre-Lent Sundays, preparing for Great Lent. In the words of an Orthodox commentator:

The pre-lenten Sundays prepare us for our "lenten journey." They arm us with that which we need to "enter the Fast with joy," to make the most of the "time for action," for as we sing on the first day of Great Lent, "salvation is at the door."

It is precisely because Lent is arduous, precisely because it does call us to the concrete practices of prayer, fasting, and almsgiving, that we need a time of preparation: time to prepare for changes to domestic routine and schedules to allow for additional devotional exercises; time to prepare for changes to our diet and eating habits; to prepare for the giving of money and time in service of the poor.

The Epistle and Gospel of Septuagesima are a call to prepare for the Lenten discipline. The Epistle's "I therefore so run" quite starkly reminds us that hard work lies ahead, to prepare us for "an incorruptible" crown. In the Gospel, the Lord's words address us - "Why stand ye here all the day idle? ... Go ye also into the vineyard" - calling us to the labour of Lent.

Sparrow notes that on Sexagesima, Epistle and Gospel call us to "Lenten Exercises ... lest we should think that there is no need of such strictness and holy violence in Religion", while on Quinquagesima because "all these bodily exercises profit little, unless we add faith and charity, or faith working by love, therefore this day the Epistle commends charity".

When in the late 20th century Anglican liturgists opted to follow the contemporary Roman approach and abandon Gesima-tide, a signal was sent. If Lent does not require preceding weeks to prepare us for it, then it must be a gentle stroll rather than a hard race. We obviously do not need time to prepare for changes to schedules, to diet, to our finances, because these are no longer expected of us in Lent. The signal was given that the practices of Lenten discipline were not really all that important: Lent was more a state of mind.

The opening of words of the Gospel for Ash Wednesday, however, proclaim otherwise:

When ye fast ...

Lent is about practices: concrete, embodied practices which shape and form us because we are embodied beings. Time, routines, food, and money are stuff by which we reveal and shape our loves, manifesting whether we are oriented towards the City of God or the city of man. The practices of Lent re-order and re-orient time, routines, food, and money towards the Heavenly City, thus calling our heart to a more authentic love of God and neighbour. Lent is about practices.

The serious work of Lent requires preparation. This is the wisdom of the Gesima Sundays, a wisdom deeply embedded in the Church's liturgy, East and West. They allow us to prepare seriously for the Lenten disciplines. They recognise that our hearts, bodies, routines, and relationships need time to prepare for the challenges of a season of fasting and abstinence. Without Gesima-tide, Lent can too easily become a season without serious and meaningful penitential practices: in other words, it can cease to be Lent.

Why I support the ordination of women: a High Church reflection

A number of commenters on this blog have asked about my occasional expressions of support for the ordination of women to all three orders. With some hesitation, I have decided to post a summary of my own views on this matter. The hesitation is because I have sought on this blog to focus on issues and themes which can unify those who identify with or have respect (grudging or otherwise!) for what we might term 'classical' Anglicanism (the Anglicanism of the Formularies and - yes - of the Old High Church tradition). Some oppose the ordination of women (and I have friends and colleagues who do so, Anglo-Catholic, High Church, and Reformed Evangelical). Some of us support it (again, friends and colleagues covering a wide range of theological traditions). Below, I have organised my thinking around 5 points (needless to say, no reference to Dort is implied). 1. The Declaration for Subscription required of clergy in the Church of Ireland states: (6) I promise to submit ...

How the Old High tradition continued

Charles Gore's 1914 letter to the clergy of his diocese, ' The Basis of Anglican Fellowship ', can be regarded as a classical expression of the Prayer Book Catholic tradition. A key part of the letter - entitled 'Romanizing in the Church of England' - addressed the "Catholic movement", questioning beliefs and practices within it which tended to "a position which makes it very difficult for its extremer representatives to give an intelligible reason why they are not Roman Catholics". Gore provides the outlines of an alternative account and experience of catholicity within Anglicanism, defined by three characteristics. What is particularly interesting about these characteristics is their continuity with the older High Church tradition. Indeed, the central characteristic as set out by Gore was integral to High Church claims over centuries: To accept the Anglican position as valid, in any sense, is to appeal behind the Pope and the authority of t...

'Whether the Lutheran Churches have right Ordinations and perfect succession of Bishops': Jeremy Taylor, 'Episcopacy Asserted', and Lutheran orders

Amidst the bitter controversies over episcopacy in the Three Kingdoms during the early 1640s, controversies which had become war in Scotland in 1637 and then in England in 1642, Jeremy Taylor wrote his Laudian defence of episcopal order, The Sacred Order and Offices of Episcopacy Asserted and Maintained . He proposed in this work that the non-episcopal Reformed churches could have had episcopally-ordered clergy: Those good people might have had order from the bishops of England or the Lutheran churches, if at least they thought our churches catholic and Christian. Leaving aside the reality that, for example, French Protestants would have been placed in an invidious political position if they had done as Taylor proposed, it is the reference to "the Lutheran churches" which is significant. To begin with, a large portion of the Lutheran churches - those in the German lands - were governed by a system of superintendency. It is almost inconceivable that Taylor was not aware of th...

laudable Practice

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